Getting lasers to have a precise single frequency (color) can be trickier than herding cats. So it’s no small accomplishment that the Thompson group has figured out how to use magnetic fields to create atomic cowpokes to wrangle a specific single color into place so that it doesn’t wander hither and yon. The researchers do this with a magnetic field that causes strontium atoms in an optical cavity to stop absorbing light and become transparent to laser light at one specific color. What happens is that the magnetic field creates a transparent window that serves as a gate to let only light of a single frequency pass through.
Plus, the group showed how this transparency might be used to enhance the frequency stability of lasers. By matching a laser’s frequency to that of the transparent window, the laser can be stabilized in a way that makes it insensitive to wanderlust. Wanderlust is caused by vibrations of the mirrors at both ends of the optical cavity, posing a serious challenge for making laser light as pure of a single color as possible. This new insight into laser stabilization could have a big impact on research and industry endeavors that require reasonably simple laser systems for precision measurement or the development of portable optical-timekeeping devices.
This breakthrough almost didn’t happen.
“A long time ago we were exploring a totally different project, and we saw a feature we didn’t understand,” explained graduate student and ranch hand Matthew Norcia. “At first, we put it on the back burner. Then, we tried to tune it out and see if we could get rid of it.”
Eventually, the researchers decided to try and understand where the mysterious peak had come from and what it meant.
The surprising peak that the group originally decided to tune away has now yielded a lovely result. Understanding the peak has led to a promising new way to stabilize lasers to atoms and optical cavities.
“So what the cavity does, is let the light through when the laser is exactly at the correct frequency,” explained undergraduate student Matthew Winchester. “It’s kind of a passive system that just sits there, and you shine a light on it. If the laser is at the right frequency, it lets the light through.”
Optical cavities normally do this as well, but if you change the distance between the mirrors, the transmitted color changes by a lot, kind of like a steer that can wander off anywhere and get lost. In this system, there are two special states of the atom that act like two cowhands that lasso the frequency and hold it in place. As the cavity length changes, the ropes may stretch a little, allowing the frequency to change by a little. But, by using a magnetic field, the researchers showed that the stretchiness of the ropes could be tuned in a way that changed the frequency by up to 20 times less than was normally possible without the atoms hog-tying the frequency down. They also showed that it didn’t matter if the atomic ropes were a little frayed by things such as Doppler broadening—the atoms still do a great job of tying down the frequency.
This is a big deal. With the atoms wrangling the frequencies into place, two labs in distant parts of the Universe could build their own versions of the system, and expect them to yield the same frequency––in much the same way as two atomic clocks based on the same kind of atom should always tick at the same rate.
A key feature of the new stabilization tool is that it is relatively simple to make in the lab and relatively immune to vibrations. These features suggest these atomic lassos may be useful for industrial and portable devices that work outside of the laboratory.
The cowhands responsible for discovering this new laser stabilization technique include undergraduate Matt Winchester, graduate students Matt Norcia and Julia Cline as well as Fellow James K. Thompson. Their work appeared online on June 26, 2017, in Physical Review Letters. The same day, the breakthrough of inducing transparency with a magnetic field was featured online in an American Physical Society Viewpoint.––James Thompson and Julie Phillips
The Physics Frontiers Centers (PFC) program supports university-based centers and institutes where the collective efforts of a larger group of individuals can enable transformational advances in the most promising research areas. The program is designed to foster major breakthroughs at the intellectual frontiers of physics by providing needed resources such as combinations of talents, skills, disciplines, and/or specialized infrastructure, not usually available to individual investigators or small groups, in an environment in which the collective efforts of the larger group can be shown to be seminal to promoting significant progress in the science and the education of students. PFCs also include creative, substantive activities aimed at enhancing education, broadening participation of traditionally underrepresented groups, and outreach to the scientific community and general public.